Pregnant woman laying on a hospital bed, wearing a continuous fetal heart rate monitor.

Suitability of equipment and technology used for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring

HSIB legacy content

HSIB legacy content

This investigation was carried out by the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB). Find out more about HSIB legacy.

Investigation summary

We launched a national patient safety investigation into the suitability of equipment and technology used for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during labour and birth.

Multiple methods and types of equipment are used to continuously monitor fetal wellbeing during labour and birth. This can cause complexity and safety issues. Common safety issues have been identified with equipment availability and functionality, inability to interpret the fetal heart rate, and staff understanding of equipment and its purpose.

A review of HSIB maternity investigations into stillbirths, neonatal deaths and babies born with suspected brain injury identified issues with the suitability of equipment and technology used to monitor the baby’s heart rate in labour.

The investigation:

  • Identified the factors that influence the choice of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring equipment.
  • Identified the variations of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring equipment found in clinical practice.
  • Identified barriers to reliable continuous heart rate monitoring and escalation of concerns noted when using technology.
  • Reviewed the factors that need to be considered when using continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring equipment. These factors include training, equipment support and engineering usability, with a focus on centralised monitoring.

Intermittent auscultation (IA) and clinical interpretation of continuous cardiotocography (CTG) are outside the scope of this investigation but may be the focus of a future investigation. IA is a technique of listening to and counting the fetal heart rate for short periods during labour using a handheld device. Continuous CTG uses a machine to produce a continuous written record of the fetal heart rate during labour and clinicians use a tool to interpret and categorise the CTG trace.